带你了解CERN 之 ATLAS & LHC CERN · ATLAS & LHC
当说到物理学时，CERN这个名字常常和LHC会被一起提起，它也是许多物理学者梦寐以求的地方。
CERN a name often heard with the LHC when talking about physics, and place of many physicists’ dream.
但，他究竟是怎样的存在?
那接下来就让我们来好好探索一下这个神秘而奇妙的组织吧！
But what is it?
So, let's explore this mysterious and wonderful group of curious creatures!
首先，CERN是法语中“Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire”的缩写，也就是欧洲核研究委员会的缩写。在法瑞边境的日内瓦附近，CERN成立于1954年，有23个成员国，他将来自世界各地的人们团结在一起，一同推动科学技术的前沿，造福人类。*
First of all, CERN stands for "Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire", in French, or the European Council for Nuclear Research. Established in 1954, the organization is based at the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva and has 23 member states. It unites people from all over the world to push the frontiers of science and technology, for the benefit of all. *
图为ATLAS（CERN实验之一）监测到的粒子相撞后4颗介子的产生
The production of four muons after a collision in ATLAS - one of CERN's detectors
有着世界上最大且最复杂的科学仪器，物理项目范围从原子核到高能粒子，从反物质到宇宙射线，物理学家和工程师们的目标是揭示宇宙的基本结构。
Using the world’s largest and most complex scientific instruments, the physicists and engineers aim to reveal the fundamental structure of the universe. Its physics programs range from nuclear to high energy particles and from antimatter to cosmic rays.
CERN最关键的一个部分是大型强子对撞机(LHC)，目前针对它正在进行7项实验，其中最大的是ATLAS、CMS、ALICE和LHCb。但除那以外，还有其他6项被称为“固定目标”实验的不涉及LHC的核项目。
A key part of CERN is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which is hosting seven experiments at the moment, the biggest being ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and LHCb. However, there are also six other experiments at CERN that does not involve the LHC and are called the ‘fixed-target’ experiments.
图为Linac 4（CERN加速器之一）的隧道，其中的DTL负责管引导50MeV的粒子束
One of CERN's accelerator - Linac 4's tunnel, where the DTL tubes guild the 50MeV beams
CERN最著名的成就是发现了希格斯玻色子（Higgs boson），但它也是许多其他成就的开端。毕竟，没有LHC，希格斯玻色子就不会被发现。它是世界上最大的粒子加速器，也是最大的器械，人类最先进的技术。
With CERN’s most famous achievement being the discovery of the Higgs boson particle, it is also the home to many other accomplishments. Beyond all, without the LHC, there would have no discovery of the Higgs. It is the world’s largest particle accelerator and also the largest piece of machinery, mankind’s most advanced technology.
图为CMS（CERN探测器之一）监测到源于质子间碰撞的希格斯玻色子产生，其中黄色虚线和绿色粗线代表了碰撞后产生的两颗光子
The Higgs Boson event detected in CERN's CMS experiment after collisions between protons, the yellow dashed lines and green towers represent the photons produced during the collision
除此之外，CERN还在1989年为万维网(WWW)带来了生命，将反物质从理论带到现实，并即将创造出第一个微观黑洞。
Apart from that, CERN have also brought life to the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989, taken antimatter from theory to reality and about to create the first microscopic black hole.
图为万维网之父 Tim Berners-Lee 在 CERN工作时创建的第一批网站
The WWW creator - Tim Berners-Lee and his first websites created while he was at CERN
科学仪器之王
The King of Scientific Instruments
尽管CERN有一系列各种各样的研究正在进行，所有实验都涉及到粒子加速和他们的碰撞。
Although there is range of research going on, all experiments at CERN involved the acceleration of particles and collisions being them.
在加速器中，粒子会被加速到接近光速，然后产生碰撞，模拟大爆炸后不久的环境。这样科研人员们才能观察到粒子如何相互作用的，也为自然界的基本定律提供了深刻线索。LHC作为世界上最强大的加速器，他的实验结果尤其值得关注。
In the accelerators, particles are made to travel at near light speed to create collisions that would simulate conditions soon after the big bang, which provides insights on how particles interact and the fundamental laws of nature. The LHC being the world’s most powerful accelerator, is the one to give special attention to.
图为LHC中两个质子碰撞后的模拟图
A simulation of a proton-proton collision in the LHC
之所以要被加速，是因为只有当粒子具有足够的能量时，他们的碰撞能才会发生能量和新物质粒子的转化，这种现象在早期宇宙中最为常见。爱因斯坦的著名方程E=mc^2就描述了这一现象。根据这个方程，物质是能量的集中形式，两者是可以互换的。
Only when the particles have sufficient amount of energy, the phenomenon of collision energy transform into new matter particles would happen, which existed most frequently in the early universe. This phenomenon is described by Einstein’s famous equation E=mc^2, according to which matter is a concentrated form of energy, and the two are interchangeable.
所以，为了检测到这些碰撞和新粒子的产生，探测器，也就是个大实验，被分布在不同加速器的碰撞点周围。
So, in order to detect those collisions and new particles, detectors are set up around points of collision are the different accelerators.
图为CERN在日内瓦的俯视图，图中红点标记为四大LHC实验项目的位置
The bird's eye view of CERN in Geneva, red marker are the locations of the four main LHC experiments
紧密的关系
The Close Relations
环形大型强子对撞机(ATLAS)实验是LHC四大实验之一。它的探测器质量为7000吨，位于地下100米，是一个专门观察LHC中粒子碰撞的通用粒子物理实验，与CMS实验一起运行。*
The A Toroidal LHC Apparatus (ATLAS) Experiment is one of the four largest and most famous experiments at the LHC. With its detector’s mass of 7000 tonnes 100m below ground, it is a general-purpose particle physics experiment, running together with the CMS experiment. *
来自世界各地181个机构的3000名科学家，代表世界各地38个国家都参与其中。*
It has around 3000 scientists from 181 institutions around the world, representing 38 countries around the world. *
图为ATLAS探测仪在2005年的建造中期，图中的人物大小足以说明整个工程的宏大
The ATLAS detector under construction in 2005, the size of the person in the pictures shows the extraordinary size of the project
LHC的主要目标是帮助完善自1970年就开始发展的粒子物理学标准模型。这个理论预测了一系列的物理现象，并且迄今为止成功地解释了几乎所有的粒子物理实验。*
The main goals of the LHC are to help the complete the Standard Model of particle physics, which have been developing since early 1970s. The theory has predicted a wide range of phenomena and has so far been successful in explaining almost all particle physics experiments. *
在ATLAS的中心，LHC管道中的高能粒子束相互碰撞后会产生新的粒子碎片，向四面八方飞出。然后，它们的轨迹由探测器单独识别，用于研究粒子的性质和碰撞过程。
At the center of the ATLAS detector, beams of high energy particles in the LHC collide, producing new particles as debris, flying out in all directions. Their behaviours are then individually identified by the detector, which are used to study the particle properties and the collision itself.
由于每次碰撞都会产生大量数据，ATLAS使用了触发系统过滤掉不感兴趣的碰撞事件。触发系统团队也会不断地改进和更新该系统，以确保最大效率，并且会特别关注顶对夸克的产生，因为在ATLAS中，顶夸克的产生率最高，他们形成和轨迹也是最有研究价值的。*
Due to the enormous amount of data created in each collision, ATLAS uses a trigger system to filter out the events uninterested. The system is constantly being improved and updated by the trigger team to ensure maximum efficiency, with particular attention on the discovery of top pair quark productions, since ATLAS is known as the factory of top quarks and their behaviours is one of the key objectives of ATLAS. *
图为ATLAS探测仪的tt̄H(γγ)的可视化分析，其中绿色粗线代表了两个光子，而b喷流由黄色(蓝色)锥表示
The visualisation of the tt̄H(γγ) event in ATLAS, the green towers represent the two photons, while the yellow (blue) cones are the b-jets
虽然每天都要收集大约1000万亿字节的数据，但有突破性的新发现来之不易。LHC在运行了4年后，ATLAS发现了最新的亚原子粒子——希格斯玻色子，并最终于2012年7月宣布。除了让标准模型变完整之外，ATLAS现在还有一系列正在进行的实验和发展中的理论。例如，对电荷宇称的违反对称研究和顶夸克性质的细节的研究都在积极地实验中，又或者把超对称和微观黑洞从理论变成现实。
Though around one petabyte of data is gathered every day, new discoveries don’t come easy. After the running the LHC for 4 years, the newest subatomic particle was discovered by ATLAS – the Higgs Boson and finally announced in July 2012. Beyond completing the standard model, ATLAS now also have a range of ongoing experiments and developing theories. The research of violations in the charge-parity symmetry and details of top quark properties, for example, are the topics being actively experimented, while supersymmetry and microscopic black holes progress from theories to reality.
了解了CERN, ATLAS 和 LHC 的基本信息，
接下来我们将一同探索
这些人类最新科学
背后的技术和研究吧！
With basic information about
CERN, ATLAS and the LHC,
next we'll explore
the technologies and research
behind these cutting-edge sciences！
图为2010年时ATLAS的全体科研人员
All members of ATLAS in 2010
图片来自 CERN, ATLAS, Physics World, Forbes 官网
文中除*部分英文信息应用于CERN, ATLAS 官网，
其余中英文内容为原创
Pictures from official website of CERN, ATLAS, Physics World, Forbes.
The * parts of English information was cited from official websites of CERN, ATLAS,
the rest of the Chinese and English content is original
